A multivariate view of substance use disorders is most consistent with which model?

• A. Biomedical model
• B. Biopsychosocial model
• C. Moral model
• D. Psychoanalytic model

Answer: (B)

Substance use disorders are best understood when multiple factors interact to influence risk, maintenance, and recovery. The biopsychosocial model captures this complexity by recognizing biological aspects (genetics, brain chemistry), psychological processes (moods, coping skills, motivations), and social/environmental influences (relationships, culture, socioeconomic factors). This integrated view explains how a person’s biology and mental health combine with their life context to shape use patterns and treatment needs, making it the most consistent framework for a multivariate perspective.

The other models focus on narrower explanations. The biomedical model emphasizes biology and physiology alone, overlooking psychological and social contributors. The moral model frames substance use as a choice or character flaw, with little attention to systemic or biological factors. The psychoanalytic model centers on unconscious conflicts and early experiences without incorporating current social or biological influences that also affect use and recovery.