The term 'biopsychosocial model' describes the interplay of which factors in substance use disorders?

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The main idea tested is that substance use disorders arise from the interaction of factors across biological, psychological, and social domains, not from biology, psychology, or social factors in isolation. Biological influences include genetics, brain chemistry, and physical dependence that shape how someone responds to substances. Psychological influences cover thoughts, emotions, coping styles, past trauma, and co-occurring mental health issues. Social influences involve family dynamics, peer pressure, cultural norms, stressors, and access to care. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes how these domains influence and amplify one another—for example, a genetic vulnerability can affect brain response to a substance, while coping difficulties (psychological) and a stressful environment or normative peer use (social) can increase the likelihood of use and dependence. This perspective also guides treatment, underscoring the need for integrated approaches that address medical, psychological, and social support rather than focusing on a single factor.